Sector-based PM2.5 and Ozone Benefit Per Ton Estimates
EPA periodically estimates PM2.5 and ozone benefit per ton values calculated using methods consistent with those described in Characterizing the PM2.5-related health benefits of emission reductions for 17 industrial, area and mobile emission sectors across the U.S. (Fann, Baker and Fulcher 2012). EPA has most recently quantified the benefit per-ton of reducing directly emitted PM2.5, PM2.5 precursors and ozone precursors for 21 sectors. The estimates summarized in the table below are valued in 2016 dollars, reflect the use of a 2% discount rate, and are quantified using the Turner et al. (2015) PM2.5 mortality and ozone mortality risk estimates. The 2025 estimates account for population, baseline death rates, and income growth projected to the year 2025. Emissions and air quality modeling predictions for both analytical years are anchored to the year 2016. The methodology is discussed more completely in the Technical Support Document. Additional tables including estimates of BPTs using 2%, 3%, and 7% discount rates for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 are available here. The 2024 update only include updates to the valuation. Estimates of the incidence per ton are available in the 2023 BPT archive.
EPA periodically updates its BPTs estimates. Past estimates and documentation are available in this online archive.
If you have questions about how to interpret or apply these values, please first refer to the TSD linked above and then Contact Us if you need additional assistance.
| PM2.5-Related Benefits | Ozone-Related Benefits | |||||
| Sector | Directly emitted PM2.5 | SO2 | NOx | NH3 | NOx | VOC |
| Brick kilns | $230,000 | $44,400 | $27,400 | $132,000 | $86,600 | $11,800 |
| Cement kilns | $158,000 | $42,700 | $14,700 | $65,000 | $75,700 | $18,500 |
| Coke ovens | $288,000 | $53,900 | $26,000 | -- | $67,600 | $36,700 |
| Electric arc furnaces | -- | $46,100 | $19,300 | -- | $80,500 | $7,060 |
| Ferroalloy facilities | $152,000 | $45,500 | $15,700 | -- | $105,000 | $7,940 |
| Gasoline distribution | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | $7,040 |
| Industrial Boilers | $194,000 | $42,600 | $15,400 | $86,900 | $71,200 | $14,500 |
| Integrated iron & steel | $386,000 | $54,100 | $23,900 | $193,000 | $76,800 | $14,600 |
| Internal Combustion Engines | $167,000 | $38,800 | $10,800 | $75,700 | $60,200 | $9,350 |
| Iron and steel foundries | $265,000 | $54,700 | $24,300 | $93,100 | $8,140 | |
| Oil and natural gas | $98,800 | $19,500 | $8,140 | $24,400 | $49,400 | $1,840 |
| Oil and natural gas transmission | $140,000 | $29,900 | $13,800 | $74,900 | $67,200 | $8,230 |
| Paint stripping | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | $7,060 |
| Primary copper smelting | -- | $10,100 | $4,200 | -- | $54,500 | -- |
| Pulp and paper | $146,000 | $39,400 | $11,200 | $51,500 | $83,200 | $2,340 |
| Refineries | $369,000 | $51,100 | $23,200 | $112,000 | $63,200 | $12,700 |
| Residential woodstoves | $479,000 | $34,900 | $33,400 | $203,000 | $42,800 | $13,500 |
| Secondary lead smelters | -- | $44,500 | $23,700 | -- | $99,700 | -- |
| Synthetic organic chemical | $141,000 | $42,900 | $17,100 | $71,400 | $77,200 | $6,090 |
| Taconite mining | $62,600 | $33,300 | $9,430 | -- | $50,300 | $32,600 |
| EAF & IIS (combined) | $379,000 | $52,800 | $23,000 | $193,000 | $77,500 | $12,600 |
| Electricity generating units | $113,000 | $57,000 | $7,710 | -- | $98,900 | -- |